'''1913: Key Events''' * The first telephone service in India begins in Simla; the first carrier system is between Delhi and Agra in 1930. * The militant Ghadar Movement, calling for the violent overthrow of British rule, is started by US-based Indians in San Francisco. * Pherozeshah Mehta starts the Bombay Chronicle. * Jaladhar Sen and Amulyacharan Bidyabhushan start the popular Bengali literary monthly Bharatbarsha; early essays on film include Pramathanath Bhattacharya’s ‘Bioscope’ in the inaugural issue and Narendra Dev’s ‘Chhayay Mayay Bichitra Rahasya’ on film-making techniques, later published as a book in 1934; the monthly also publishes Saradindu Bandyopadhyay’s screenplay of Kalidasa. * [[Rabindranath Tagore]] receives Nobel Prize for literature. * [[Bal Gandharva]] starts the Gandharva Natak Mandali, the most famous of the Marathi Sangeet Natak repertories. * The [[Parsee Theatre]] group, Khatau-Alfred, performs [[Narayan Prasad Betaab]]’s Mahabharata play. * [[Phalke]]’s [[Raja Harishchandra]] opens on 21st April to a select audience; on 3 May it opens commercially in Bombay’s Coronation Cinematograph.